Sentences

  1. Pengertian Sentence (Kalimat). Menurut Ilmu Bahasa, sentence (kalimat) adalah sekumpulan kata yang mempunyai paling sedikit satu subjek dan satu predikat serta mengandung pengertian yang sempurna (lengkap). Sebuah kalimat diawali dengan huruf besar dan diakhiri dengan titik. Atau di dalam wikipedia ada dijelaskan akan tetapi saya tidak mendapati yang berbahasa Indonesia dan hanya mendapati yang berbahasa Inggris. Adapun yang tertulis didalam wikipedia adalah sebagai berikut : In linguistics, a sentence is a grammatical unit of one or more words, bearing minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it, often preceded and followed in speech by pauses, having one of a small number of characteristic intonation patterns, and typically expressing an independent statement, question, request, command, etc. Sentences are generally characterized in most languages by the presence of a finite verb.
  2. Pembagian Kalimat
    • Simple Sentence (Kalimat Sederhana) yaitu kalimat yang hanya mengandung satu verb (kata keja) utama yang mencerminkan adanya satu gagasan saja.
    • Compound Sentence (Kalimat Majemuk) yaitu kalimat yang mengandung dua verb utama atau lebih yang menggambarkan 2 gagasan atau lebih yang disambungkan dengan kata sambung (conjunctions).
    • Complex Sentence (Kalimat Sempurna) yaitu kalimat yang mengandung 1 main clause (kalimat induk) dan 1 atau lebih anak kalimat yang dihubungkan dengan Kata Ganti Penghubung (Relative Pronouns).
    • Complex-Compound Sentence (Kalimat Majemuk Sempurna) yaitu kalimat gabungan antara kalimat majemuk dan kalimat sempurna yaitu kalimat yang terdiri dari 1 atau lebih kalimat utama dan 1 atau lebih anak kalimat.
Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat berikut ini:
  • Jean is in the house (simple sentence)
  • It’s starting to rain and I have left my deck-chair outside (Compound Sentence)
  • The suspect denied that he had been in the neighborhood (Complex Sentence)
  • The man stole the jewelry and he did it in his home until he could safely get out of town. (Complex-Compound Sentence)
  1. Simple Sentence. A simple sentence is a sentence structure that contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses. A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought
    In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.
    • The singer bowed.
      This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, singer, and one predicate, bowed.
    • Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.
      that sentence contains a compound subject.
    • Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
      that sentence contains a compound verb.

  2. Compound sentence. A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses. It does not require a dependent clause. The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (with or without a comma), a correlative conjunction (with or without a comma), or a semicolon that functions as a conjunction. A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence. The use of a comma to separate two independent clauses in a sentence is accepted as part of the English language.
    In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red.
    • I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English. 
    • Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. 
    • Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.
    The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it. Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses. Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators. In sentence B, which action occurred first? Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping. In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first. In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went shopping." How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses? What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence?

  3. Complex sentence. A complex sentence is a sentence with an independent clause and at least one dependent clause (subordinating clause). The dependent clause is introduced by either a subordinate conjunction such as although, or because or a relative pronoun such as who or which.
    In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.
    1. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. 
    2. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. 
    3. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
    4. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies. 
    5. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.
    When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong.
    Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent clause which contains no comma.  The comma after the dependent clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often hear a slight pause there.  In sentence E, however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence. 

  4. Complex-compound sentence. In syntax, a sentence with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses is referred to as a complex-compound sentence. Sometimes also called a compound-complex sentence.
    Examples
    • "The cat lived in the backyard, but the dog, who knew he was superior, lived inside the house".
      • Independent clauses: The cat lived in the backyard.
      • Dependent clause: who knew he was superior

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